Reserves of foreign currency and gold over time (1970–2024)

Follow reserves of foreign currency and gold for the world’s countries, year by year, from 1970 to 2024.

The country ranked first changed over time: United States in 1970, Germany in 1971–1973, United States in 1974–1975, Germany in 1976–1978, United States in 1979–1994, Japan in 1995–2005, China in 2006–2024.
Japan’s reserves of foreign currency and gold went from $4.88B in 1970 to $1.23T in 2024 (about 252×).
Japan ranked #6 of 107 countries in 1970 and #2 of 159 in 2024. The number of countries differs between the years, so the ranks are not directly comparable.

Japan and the leading countries

Key years for Japan and the leading countries in 2024
Country	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010	2020	2024
China	–	$10.1B	$34.5B	$172B	$2.91T	$3.36T	$3.46T
Japan	$4.88B	$38.9B	$87.8B	$362B	$1.1T	$1.39T	$1.23T
United States	$15.2B	$171B	$173B	$128B	$489B	$628B	$910B
Switzerland	$5.32B	$64.7B	$61.3B	$53.6B	$270B	$1.08T	$909B
India	$1.02B	$12B	$5.64B	$41.1B	$300B	$590B	$643B
Countries with data	107	127	133	166	170	167	159

Ranking and map for any year

Choose a year to see that year’s top countries and the world map. Colors split that year’s ranking into seven steps.

2024


Rank	Country	Reserves of foreign currency and gold

Biggest changes, 1970–2024

Compared among the countries that have data in both 1970 and 2024. Countries with a very small starting value are left out, because their ratios look exaggerated.

Biggest increases
Country	1970	2024	Change	Rank
Qatar	$18.2M	$54B	about 2,964×	#90 → #40
Oman	$12.6M	$18.3B	about 1,447×	#97 → #63
Indonesia	$160M	$156B	about 971×	#54 → #20
Costa Rica	$16.4M	$14.2B	about 865×	#93 → #70
Saudi Arabia	$670M	$464B	about 693×	#27 → #7

The number of countries differs between the years, so the ranks are not directly comparable.

All countries in key years

Open the table (countries with data)

Key years for Japan and the leading countries in 2024
Country	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010	2020	2024
China	–	$10.1B	$34.5B	$172B	$2.91T	$3.36T	$3.46T
Japan	$4.88B	$38.9B	$87.8B	$362B	$1.1T	$1.39T	$1.23T
United States	$15.2B	$171B	$173B	$128B	$489B	$628B	$910B
Switzerland	$5.32B	$64.7B	$61.3B	$53.6B	$270B	$1.08T	$909B
India	$1.02B	$12B	$5.64B	$41.1B	$300B	$590B	$643B
Russia	–	–	–	$27.7B	$479B	$597B	$608B
Saudi Arabia	$670M	$26.1B	$13.4B	$20.8B	$459B	$473B	$464B
South Korea	$610M	$3.1B	$14.9B	$96.3B	$292B	$443B	$418B
Singapore	$1.01B	$6.57B	$27.8B	$81.1B	$231B	$370B	$384B
Germany	$13.9B	$105B	$105B	$87.5B	$216B	$268B	$378B
Brazil	$1.19B	$6.88B	$10B	$33B	$289B	$356B	$330B
Italy	$5.55B	$62.4B	$88.6B	$47.2B	$158B	$211B	$291B
France	$5.2B	$75.6B	$68.3B	$63.7B	$166B	$224B	$283B
United Arab Emirates	–	$2.35B	$4.89B	$13.6B	$32.8B	$107B	$238B
Thailand	$911M	$3.03B	$14.3B	$32.7B	$172B	$258B	$237B
Mexico	$756M	$4.18B	$10.2B	$35.6B	$121B	$199B	$232B
Poland	–	$574M	$4.67B	$27.5B	$93.5B	$154B	$223B
Israel	$452M	$4.06B	$6.6B	$23.3B	$70.9B	$173B	$215B
United Kingdom	$2.92B	$31.8B	$43.1B	$50.9B	$98B	$180B	$175B
Indonesia	$160M	$6.8B	$8.66B	$29.4B	$96.2B	$136B	$156B
Türkiye	$440M	$3.3B	$7.63B	$23.5B	$86B	$93.6B	$156B
Czechia	–	–	–	$13.1B	$42.5B	$166B	$146B
Canada	$4.73B	$15.5B	$23.5B	$32.4B	$57.2B	$90.4B	$120B
Malaysia	$667M	$5.75B	$10.7B	$28.7B	$107B	$108B	$116B
Denmark	$488M	$4.35B	$11.2B	$15.7B	$76.5B	$72.8B	$108B
Spain	$1.85B	$20.5B	$57.2B	$35.6B	$31.9B	$81.3B	$108B
Philippines	$255M	$3.98B	$2.04B	$15.1B	$62.3B	$110B	$106B
Iraq	$472M	$9.44B	$6.74B	$6.74B	$50.6B	$54.4B	$101B
Libya	$1.6B	$14.9B	$7.23B	$13.7B	$106B	$79.7B	$92.9B
Vietnam	–	–	–	$3.42B	$12.5B	$94.8B	$83.1B
Algeria	$352M	$7.06B	$2.7B	$13.6B	$170B	$59.4B	$83B
Norway	$813M	$6.75B	$15.8B	$27.9B	$53.2B	$75.3B	$81.2B
Peru	$332M	$2.8B	$1.89B	$8.68B	$44.2B	$75B	$79.2B
Netherlands	$3.36B	$37.5B	$34.4B	$17.7B	$46.1B	$54B	$79.1B
Romania	–	$2.51B	$1.37B	$3.4B	$48B	$52.2B	$73.4B
South Africa	$1.06B	$7.89B	$2.58B	$7.7B	$43.8B	$55B	$65.4B
Sweden	$775M	$7B	$20.3B	$16.5B	$48.2B	$58.3B	$62.6B
Colombia	$207M	$6.47B	$4.87B	$9.01B	$28.1B	$58.5B	$61.9B
Australia	$1.71B	$6.37B	$19.3B	$18.8B	$42.3B	$42.5B	$60.4B
Qatar	$18.2M	$623M	$952M	$1.16B	$31.2B	$41B	$54B
Kuwait	$209M	$5.43B	–	$7.78B	$24.8B	$52.9B	$50.7B
Hungary	–	–	$1.18B	$11.2B	$45B	$41.3B	$46.4B
Kazakhstan	–	–	–	$2.1B	$28.3B	$35.6B	$45.8B
Egypt	$165M	$2.48B	$3.62B	$13.8B	$37B	$39B	$44.9B
Chile	$392M	$4.13B	$6.78B	$15.1B	$27.8B	$39.2B	$44.4B
Ukraine	–	–	–	$1.48B	$34.6B	$29.1B	$43.8B
Bulgaria	–	–	–	$3.51B	$17.2B	$37.9B	$43.7B
Portugal	$1.56B	$13.9B	$20.6B	$14.3B	$20.9B	$29.5B	$42.4B
Belgium	$2.95B	$28B	$23.8B	$12.3B	$26.8B	$33.3B	$42.3B
Uzbekistan	–	–	–	–	–	$34.9B	$41.2B
Nigeria	$223M	$10.6B	$4.13B	$10.1B	$33.3B	$38B	$40.4B
Morocco	$142M	$814M	$2.34B	$5.02B	$23.7B	$36B	$37.1B
Austria	$1.81B	$17.7B	$17.2B	$17.6B	$22.2B	$30.4B	$35.4B
Lebanon	$405M	$7.02B	$4.21B	$8.47B	$44.5B	$42.4B	$33.3B
Serbia	–	–	–	–	$13.3B	$16.6B	$30.5B
Argentina	$682M	$9.3B	$6.22B	$25.2B	$52.2B	$39.4B	$29.6B
Guatemala	$79.4M	$753M	$362M	$1.81B	$5.95B	$18.5B	$24.4B
Cambodia	–	–	–	$611M	$3.82B	$21.3B	$22.5B
New Zealand	$258M	$365M	$4.13B	$3.95B	$16.7B	$13.7B	$22.1B
Jordan	$258M	$1.74B	$1.14B	$3.44B	$13.6B	$17B	$21.9B
Bangladesh	–	$331M	$660M	$1.52B	$11.2B	$43.2B	$21.4B
Pakistan	$195M	$1.57B	$1.05B	$2.09B	$17.3B	$18.5B	$18.4B
Oman	$12.6M	$704M	$1.78B	$2.46B	$13B	$15B	$18.3B
Finland	$455M	$2.45B	$10.4B	$8.41B	$9.55B	$13.5B	$18B
Uruguay	$186M	$2.4B	$1.45B	$2.78B	$7.66B	$16.3B	$17.4B
Nepal	$94.2M	$272M	$354M	$987M	$3B	$11.5B	$15.8B
Greece	$318M	$3.61B	$4.72B	$14.6B	$6.35B	$11.9B	$15.2B
Slovakia	–	–	–	$4.38B	$2.16B	$9.34B	$14.5B
Angola	–	–	–	$1.2B	$19.7B	$13.8B	$14.2B
Costa Rica	$16.4M	$197M	$525M	$1.32B	$4.63B	$7.23B	$14.2B
Dominican Republic	$32.3M	$279M	$68.5M	$632M	$3.87B	$10.8B	$13.5B
Azerbaijan	–	–	–	$680M	$6.41B	$7.78B	$12.7B
Ireland	$698M	$3.07B	$5.36B	$5.41B	$2.11B	$7.46B	$12.7B
Kenya	$220M	$539M	$236M	$898M	$4.32B	$8.3B	$10.1B
Paraguay	$17.6M	$783M	$675M	$772M	$4.17B	$9.2B	$9.57B
Bosnia & Herzegovina	–	–	–	$497M	$4.41B	$8.71B	$9.42B
Tunisia	$59.9M	$700M	$867M	$1.87B	$9.76B	$9.81B	$9.34B
Belarus	–	–	–	$350M	$5.03B	$7.47B	$8.91B
Mauritius	$46.2M	$113M	$761M	$914M	$2.62B	$7.29B	$8.51B
Honduras	$20.2M	$159M	$46.6M	$1.32B	$2.7B	$8.14B	$8.04B
Lithuania	–	–	–	$1.36B	$6.6B	$4.85B	$7.41B
Ghana	$42.6M	$330M	$309M	$309M	$5.16B	$7.88B	$7.12B
Ecuador	$75.6M	$1.26B	$1.01B	$1.18B	$2.62B	$7.14B	$6.91B
Panama	$15.8M	$117M	$344M	$723M	$2.71B	$9.61B	$6.86B
Albania	–	–	–	$646M	$2.54B	$4.82B	$6.52B
Iceland	$53.8M	$203M	$455M	$405M	$5.79B	$6.42B	$6.4B
Nicaragua	$49.2M	$75.1M	$166M	$492M	$1.8B	$3.21B	$6.1B
Sri Lanka	$42.7M	$283M	$447M	$1.13B	$7.2B	$5.66B	$6.09B
Jamaica	$139M	$105M	$168M	$1.05B	$2.5B	$3.94B	$5.63B
Trinidad & Tobago	$43M	$2.81B	$513M	$1.4B	$9.18B	$6.95B	$5.6B
Mongolia	–	–	–	$202M	$2.29B	$4.55B	$5.51B
Moldova	–	–	–	$222M	$1.72B	$3.78B	$5.48B
North Macedonia	–	–	–	$460M	$2.28B	$4.13B	$5.25B
Latvia	–	–	–	$919M	$7.61B	$5.29B	$5.14B
Kyrgyzstan	–	–	–	$262M	$1.72B	$2.81B	$5.09B
Cameroon	$80.8M	$206M	$37.1M	$220M	$3.64B	$3.96B	$5.06B
Bahrain	$71.7M	$1.04B	$1.29B	$1.61B	$5.3B	$2.52B	$4.95B
Georgia	–	–	–	$116M	$2.26B	$3.91B	$4.45B
Brunei	–	–	–	$408M	$1.56B	$4B	$4.41B
Zambia	$515M	$206M	$201M	$245M	$2.09B	$1.2B	$4.09B
Mozambique	–	–	$232M	$742M	$2.27B	$4.08B	$3.84B
Ethiopia	$71.7M	$262M	$55.2M	$363M	$2.24B	$3.05B	$3.78B
Papua New Guinea	–	$458M	$427M	$304M	$3.12B	$2.69B	$3.71B
El Salvador	$63.9M	$382M	$595M	$1.9B	$2.88B	$3.08B	$3.7B
Armenia	–	–	–	$314M	$1.87B	$2.62B	$3.69B
Tajikistan	–	–	–	$94.3M	$403M	$2.24B	$3.63B
Uganda	$56.7M	$3M	$44M	$808M	$2.71B	$3.91B	$3.48B
Botswana	–	$334M	$3.33B	$6.32B	$7.89B	$4.94B	$3.46B
Namibia	–	–	–	$260M	$1.7B	$2.17B	$3.36B
Croatia	–	–	–	$3.52B	$14.1B	$23.3B	$3.34B
Slovenia	–	–	–	$3.2B	$1.07B	$1.31B	$2.83B
Luxembourg	–	–	$213M	$97.5M	$848M	$1.12B	$2.79B
Madagascar	$37.1M	$9.1M	$92.1M	$285M	$1.02B	$1.98B	$2.78B
Haiti	$4.3M	$26.7M	$10.2M	$183M	$1.93B	$2.59B	$2.71B
Bahamas	$21.7M	$92.3M	$158M	$350M	$1.04B	$2.38B	$2.63B
Rwanda	$7.7M	$196M	$44.5M	$191M	$806M	$1.72B	$2.41B
Laos	–	–	$8.38M	$144M	$1.21B	$1.89B	$2.21B
Cyprus	$210M	$639M	$1.68B	$1.87B	$1.14B	$1.24B	$2.09B
Estonia	–	–	–	$923M	$2.57B	$2B	$2.07B
Bolivia	$46.4M	$553M	$511M	$1.18B	$9.73B	$5.25B	$1.98B
Montenegro	–	–	–	–	$556M	$2.13B	$1.74B
Barbados	$16.6M	$80.6M	$118M	$473M	$834M	$1.36B	$1.65B
Suriname	$37.1M	$221M	$41.9M	$133M	$691M	$585M	$1.63B
Fiji	$27.4M	$174M	$261M	$412M	$721M	$1.08B	$1.6B
Chad	$2.31M	$11.8M	$132M	$114M	$632M	$391M	$1.55B
Malta	$159M	$1.25B	$1.49B	$1.47B	$540M	$930M	$1.42B
Guinea	–	–	–	$168M	$302M	$1.5B	$1.35B
Equatorial Guinea	–	–	$707K	$23M	$2.35B	$60.8M	$1.08B
Guyana	$20.4M	$12.7M	$28.7M	$305M	$782M	$681M	$1.01B
Lesotho	–	$50.3M	$72.4M	$418M	$1.49B	$730M	$1.01B
Bhutan	–	–	$88.8M	$318M	$1B	$1.43B	$941M
Cape Verde	–	$42.4M	$77M	$28.2M	$382M	$735M	$783M
Timor-Leste	–	–	–	–	$406M	$668M	$779M
Seychelles	–	$18.4M	$16.6M	$43.8M	$256M	$560M	$774M
San Marino	–	–	–	$135M	$449M	$782M	$759M
Republic of the Congo	$8.88M	$92.6M	$10.2M	$225M	$4.45B	$1.14B	$759M
Solomon Islands	–	$29.6M	$17.6M	$32M	$266M	$661M	$686M
Maldives	–	$949K	$24.4M	$123M	$350M	$985M	$674M
Gabon	$14.7M	$115M	$279M	$194M	$1.74B	$1.39B	$639M
Gambia	$8.11M	$5.67M	$55.4M	$109M	$202M	$387M	$629M
Vanuatu	–	–	$37.7M	$38.9M	$161M	$614M	$615M
Eswatini	–	$159M	$216M	$352M	$756M	$546M	$537M
Samoa	$5.22M	$2.77M	$69M	$63.7M	$173M	$277M	$508M
Belize	–	$12.7M	$69.8M	$123M	$218M	$348M	$498M
Central African Republic	$1.39M	$61.7M	$123M	$136M	$181M	$433M	$489M
Zimbabwe	$59.4M	$419M	$295M	$321M	$732M	$33.4M	$485M
Sierra Leone	$39.4M	$30.6M	$5.43M	$49.2M	$409M	$708M	$433M
Grenada	$3.68M	$12.9M	$17.6M	$57.7M	$119M	$293M	$423M
St. Lucia	–	$8.29M	$44.6M	$78.8M	$206M	$231M	$406M
Tonga	–	$13.8M	$31.3M	$24.6M	$105M	$299M	$377M
Liberia	–	$5.45M	–	$268K	$442M	$341M	$368M
Antigua & Barbuda	–	$7.82M	$27.5M	$63.6M	$137M	$222M	$358M
Djibouti	–	–	$93.6M	$67.8M	$249M	$686M	$349M
Comoros	–	$6.37M	$29.9M	$43.4M	$146M	$294M	$324M
St. Vincent & Grenadines	–	$7.27M	$26.5M	$55.2M	$113M	$205M	$317M
St. Kitts & Nevis	–	–	$16.3M	$45.2M	$169M	$374M	$295M
Dominica	–	$5.08M	$14.5M	$29.4M	$76.1M	$166M	$156M
São Tomé & Príncipe	–	–	–	$11.6M	$48.2M	$75.3M	$58.8M
South Sudan	–	–	–	–	–	$184M	$16M
Afghanistan	$49.5M	$940M	$638M	–	$5.16B	$9.75B	–
Burundi	$15.4M	$105M	$112M	$37.6M	$332M	$90.3M	–
Democratic Republic of the Congo	$189M	$380M	$261M	$82.5M	$1.3B	$748M	–
Cuba	$0	–	–	–	–	–	–
Eritrea	–	–	–	$36.1M	$114M	–	–
Micronesia	–	–	–	$113M	$55.8M	$452M	–
Iran	$217M	$12.8B	–	–	–	–	–
Myanmar	$98.3M	$409M	$410M	$286M	$6.05B	$7.67B	–
Mauritania	$3.18M	$146M	$58.5M	$49.4M	$288M	$1.49B	–
Malawi	$29.2M	$76M	$142M	$247M	$325M	$594M	–
Sudan	$21.7M	$48.7M	$11.4M	$138M	$1.04B	–	–
Somalia	$21.3M	$25.7M	–	–	–	–	–
Syria	$56.9M	$828M	$447M	$355M	$20.6B	–	–
Turkmenistan	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tanzania	$65M	$20.3M	$193M	$995M	$3.9B	–	–
Venezuela	$1.05B	$13.4B	$12.7B	$15.9B	$29.7B	–	–
Yemen	–	–	$441M	$2.91B	$5.94B	$970M	–
Countries with data	107	127	133	166	170	167	159

Notes on reading this history

Yearly values come from the same World Bank indicator. The number of countries with data differs by year, so each year’s ranks are given only among the countries that have data that year. The ranking page uses each country’s latest year, so it may not match a single year’s ranking here.

Amounts are in US dollars of each year (not adjusted for inflation), so a ratio between an old amount and a new one is not a measure of real change in volume. Exchange-rate changes can also move an amount even when trade volumes have not changed.

Source: Total reserves (includes gold, current US$), indicator FI.RES.TOTL.CD. Processed by this site. data.worldbank.org

World Bank data last updated: 2026-10-08